Knowledge Archive / Myths & Sagas
A field of knowledge

Myths & Sagas

The great northern tales: creation, the treasures of the gods, heroic sagas and the voices of the skalds.

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Myths & Sagas

Ægir's Feast – the last feast of the gods

Once a year the gods brewed not mischief but beer. The sea-giant Ægir welcomed them into his hall on the sea-floor, where the ale poured itself into …

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Myths & Sagas

Andvari's Cursed Gold - the Otter's Ransom

Few stories in Norse tradition trail so much ruin behind them as this one: a careless throw, a dead otter, an impossible ransom - and a curse laid by …

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Myths & Sagas

Balder’s Death

It is the moment when laughter vanishes from Asgard. The death of the shining Balder is the most moving legend of the North – and the turning point …

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Myths & Sagas

Berserkers & Ulfhednar – the Real Animal Warriors

Warriors who fought in bear pelts and wolf-skins, bit their shields and feared neither fire nor iron. The berserker is one of the most powerful …

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Myths & Sagas

Death and the Afterlife in the North

Valhalla was only one of many realms of the dead. The ideas of the afterlife were as varied as the burial customs themselves.

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Myths & Sagas

Brísingamen – Freyja’s Necklace

The most beautiful piece of jewellery in the world belongs to the most beautiful of the goddesses: Brísingamen, the golden necklace of Freyja. No …

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Myths & Sagas

Darraðarljóð – the Valkyries Weave the Battle

We like to imagine valkyries as noble riders escorting the fallen to Valhalla. The Darraðarljóð shows them quite otherwise: as cruel weavers of death.

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Myths & Sagas

Deor – „That passed away, so may this"

Some sayings are older than you would guess. What may be the finest words of consolation in the Germanic world sit inside a poem more than a thousand …

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Myths & Sagas

Draupnir – Odin's Ring

A ring from which ever new rings arise: Draupnir is Odin’s golden treasure and one of the most striking images of Norse mythology. „The Dripper“ …

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Myths & Sagas

The Three Wells beneath Yggdrasil

A tree carries the world – but what waters the tree? Beneath the roots of Yggdrasil lie three springs, and each tells a different story: one of fate …

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Myths & Sagas

The Edda – Where We Know the Myths From

Almost everything we know about the Norse gods we owe to two books from medieval Iceland. A look at the sources – and their limits.

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Myths & Sagas

Egill Skallagrímsson – the Poet Who Sang for His Head

He was warrior and poet, killer and grave-robber, farmer and man skilled in magic – and probably the greatest skald of the North: Egill …

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Myths & Sagas

The Einherjar – Odin's Host of the Fallen

They are the chosen of the fallen: warriors who died in battle and were carried by the Valkyries to Valhalla. The Einherjar fight every day, fall …

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Myths & Sagas

Eyvindr skáldaspillir – the Last Court Skald

His byname sounds like a reproach: Eyvindr skáldaspillir, „the plagiarist“ (or „spoiler of poets"). It probably means he imitated older models – yet …

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Myths & Sagas

Fenrir – the Wolf

No being do the gods of the North fear like Fenrir, the wolf. They rear him themselves, they bind him by cunning – and one of them pays for it with …

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Myths & Sagas

Thor at Geirröd's Hall: The Thunder God Without His Hammer

What does the strongest god do when he has been stripped of his hammer, his belt of strength and his iron gloves? He sets out anyway. The tale of …

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Myths & Sagas

Ginnungagap – the Yawning Void

In the beginning there was no word and no bang, but a void: Ginnungagap, the ‘yawning gap’. Between the fire in the south and the ice in the north …

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Myths & Sagas

Gleipnir – the Fetter of Fenrir

Neither iron nor chains tamed the mightiest monster of the North, but a ribbon thin and soft as a silken thread: Gleipnir, the magic fetter that …

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Myths & Sagas

Grottasöngr – the Mill that Ground Doom

A king has gold and peace ground for him – and grants the maids who turn the mill no rest. Grottasöngr is one of the North’s sharpest stories about …

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Myths & Sagas

Gullinbursti – Freyr’s Golden Boar

A boar whose bristles are gold and glow in the dark, running over sky and water faster than any horse: Gullinbursti („golden-bristle"), the mount of …

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Myths & Sagas

Gungnir – Odin's Spear

Thor has his hammer, Freyr his ship – and Odin has the spear. Gungnir is the weapon of the All-Father: forged by dwarves, marked with sacred runes …

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Myths & Sagas

Gunnlod and the Theft of the Mead of Poetry

The mead of poetry turns anyone who drinks it into a poet or sage. It lies deep in the mountain, guarded by the giant's daughter Gunnlod. But before …

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Myths & Sagas

Helgi and Sigrún – the Valkyrie at the Grave-Mound

The valkyries are seen as cold directors of battle. The story of Helgi and Sigrún shows the other side: love, loyalty and a grief that reaches beyond …

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Myths & Sagas

Hermod – the Ride to Hel

When Baldr is dead, one dares the most perilous ride of all the myths: Hermod, a son of Odin, rides into the underworld to bring the dead god back.

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Myths & Sagas

Hervör Wakes the Dead – the Shield-Maid and the Cursed Sword

There are scenes in Norse poetry that take your breath away. Hervör’s night walk to the grave-mound of her dead father is one of them.

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Myths & Sagas

Hringhorni – Baldr’s Funeral Ship

When the shining god Baldr dies, the Æsir give him the most splendid funeral of the North – upon Hringhorni, the greatest of all ships.

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Myths & Sagas

Thor versus Hrungnir: The Duel with the Stone Giant

It begins with a drunken braggart and ends with a splinter in the thunder god's skull. The tale of Thor and Hrungnir is one of the oldest and most …

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Myths & Sagas

Hyrrokkin - the Giantess Who Moved Baldr's Ship

In their grief for the shining god Baldr, even the gods reach their limits. His funeral ship stands fast in the sand, and for all their divine …

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Myths & Sagas

Idun and the Apples of Youth

Idun keeps the gods’ greatest secret in a simple box: the apples that keep them young. Without them even Odin and Thor would age, grey and die – all …

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Myths & Sagas

Jörmungandr – the Midgard Serpent

She is so vast that she encircles the whole world and bites her own tail: Jörmungandr, the Midgard Serpent. Between her and the thunder god Thor …

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Myths & Sagas

The Treasures of the Gods

No god of the North is without his treasure: Thor without his hammer would be only an angry giant, Odin without spear and ring only a one-eyed …

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Myths & Sagas

Kvasir & the Mead of Poetry

Where does poetry come from? The North had an uncannily beautiful answer to this: from the blood of a wise being, brewed into mead. The story of …

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Myths & Sagas

Lokasenna – the Great Flyting of the Gods

A feast of the gods, ale in plenty – and a guest who exposes every single one of them. The Lokasenna („Loki’s flyting") is the most famous …

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Myths & Sagas

Loki’s Punishment

Every misdeed has its price, and Loki’s bill is settled all at once. After the death of Baldr and his merciless mockery at the gods’ feast, the Æsir …

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Myths & Sagas

The Building of Asgard's Wall

A stranger offers the gods an unbreachable wall around their stronghold - in a single winter. His price is outrageous. How the gods almost …

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Myths & Sagas

What Comes After Ragnarök?

Most people know Ragnarök only as a world-fire: gods die, the sun goes out, the earth sinks. Yet the great world-poem of the seeress does not stop …

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Myths & Sagas

The Nine Worlds

Norse cosmology knows not heaven and earth but nine worlds – strung along the world tree Yggdrasil, which runs through them all like an axis. Gods …

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Myths & Sagas

The Norns – Weavers of Fate

Above the gods stands something to which even Odin bows: fate. And fate has three shapes – the Norns, who sit at the foot of the world-tree and, in …

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Myths & Sagas

Odin's Eye at Mimir's Well

It is perhaps the most famous bargain in all of mythology: the highest of the gods gives up an eye – willingly – for a single draught from a well …

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Myths & Sagas

Óttarr svarti & the Hǫfuðlausn

Can a poem save a life? In the North, yes. The skald Óttarr svarti („the Black") had drawn the wrath of King Óláfr the Holy – and saved his head with …

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Myths & Sagas

The Norse Pantheon

Norse religion has no distant, all-powerful deity on a throne. It has a family – quarrelsome, cunning, loving, mortal. And it has not one but two …

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Myths & Sagas

Ragnar Lodbrok: Man, Myth, Trademark

Few names sound as thoroughly Viking as Ragnar Lodbrok. Television has made him the face of the entire North – the cunning king, the defiant old man …

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Myths & Sagas

Ragnarök – Doom of the Gods

Norse mythology is the only great tradition in which the gods themselves are doomed – and in which they know it. Ragnarök, the ‘fate of the powers’ …

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Myths & Sagas

Ragnar's Sons – the Heirs Who Grew Mightier Than Their Father

Ragnar Lodbrok, so the saga goes, died in a pit of snakes – laughing, we are told, and with a threat on his lips. His sons made that threat come …

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Myths & Sagas

Sigurd, Brynhild & the Nibelungs – the Völsung Saga

A dwarf's curse, a re-forged sword and a thrust from below: how young Sigurd slew the gold-greedy dragon Fafnir, learned the language of birds from …

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Myths & Sagas

Sindri & Brokkr

It is the most famous smithing scene of the North: two dwarf brothers, a wager on Loki’s head, and a fly that stings at the bellows. Out of this …

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Myths & Sagas

Svipdagsmál – Nine Charms from the Grave

Some heroes set out with a sword. Svipdagr sets out with the protective charms of his dead mother – and with a task he did not choose.

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Myths & Sagas

Thjálfi & Röskva

Among all the gods, giants and dwarves there are two who are different: Thjálfi and Röskva, a pair of farmer's children – the only humans who travel …

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Myths & Sagas

Thjazi and the Theft of Idun: How the Gods Almost Grew Old

This is the tale in which the immortal gods turn grey for the first and only time. An eagle on an ox, an extorted oath, a goddess turned into a nut …

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Myths & Sagas

Thor and Skrymir

Before Thor is humbled in the stronghold of Utgard, he meets on the road a giant so vast that the gods spend the night in his glove. Thor and Skrymir …

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Myths & Sagas

Þrúðr & Alvíss – the Outwitted Dwarf

Her name is Þrúðr („strength, power") and she is the daughter of Thor and Sif. Around her turns one of the craftiest poems of the Edda – the …

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Myths & Sagas

Thor and Utgard-Loki

The funniest and at the same time most profound Thor story is a string of defeats – that are none at all. On his journey to Utgard the strongest of …

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Myths & Sagas

Vellekla – the Praise-Poem for Hákon jarl

A poet who fears for his reward, and a lord who lets himself be celebrated: the Vellekla („gold-lack“) by the skald Einarr skálaglamm is one of the …

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Myths & Sagas

Valhalla – the Hall of the Fallen

Valhalla is no resting-place for weary souls. It is a barracks of the fallen: a vast hall where the bravest dead fight, die and rise again every day …

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Myths & Sagas

The Valkyries – Between Battle and Hall

They are far more than the winged warrior-maidens of the opera: the valkyries decide who falls in battle – and who is taken up into Odin’s hall after …

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Myths & Sagas

The War of the Æsir and Vanir

Before the gods of the North were one family, they waged the first war of the world – against each other. The War of the Æsir and Vanir explains why …

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Myths & Sagas

The Wild Hunt

When in deepest winter the storm howls, so people believed, a spectral host rides through the night: the Wild Hunt. At its head rides a one-eyed …

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Myths & Sagas

Yggdrasil – the Tree That Bears the Worlds

At the centre of the Norse picture of the world stands a tree. At its roots fate is decided, in its crown an eagle keeps watch – and everything is …

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Myths & Sagas

Ymir and the Making of the World

The world of the Vikings is, quite literally, built from a corpse. From the slain primal giant Ymir the first gods shaped heaven and earth, mountains …

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