Knowledge Archive / History & Finds
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History & Finds

Events, places, people and excavations – what really shaped the Viking Age, evidenced not asserted.

54 articles in this field · All fields →

History & Finds

Asgard – the Fortress of the Gods

High above the world of humans, beyond the burning rainbow bridge, lies Asgard – the fortified home of the Æsir. It is fortress, city and heaven all …

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History & Finds

The Únětice Culture & the Nebra Sky Disc

Almost 1,500 years before the first Germanic peoples entered Roman history books, a highly developed Early Bronze Age culture flourished in the heart …

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History & Finds

Bifröst – the Rainbow Bridge

Between the world of humans and the world of the gods a bridge of light is stretched: Bifröst, the rainbow. It is the most beautiful structure of the …

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History & Finds

The Picture Stones of Gotland

Long before the Edda was written down, the people of Gotland told their stories in stone – in images that still puzzle us today.

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History & Finds

The Warrior Woman of Birka (Bj 581)

Since 1878, Birka’s grave Bj 581 had been the textbook example of a high-status Viking warrior – the „ultimate Viking". In 2017 a DNA analysis …

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History & Finds

Borgring – the fifth ring fortress, found by laser scan

Sometimes history is found not with the spade but with the computer. For a long time four of Harald Bluetooth's famous ring fortresses were known …

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History & Finds

Horned helmets – yes, but not among the Vikings

„So did they wear horned helmets or not?" The honest answer is a double no and yes: the Vikings did not. But the North really did have them – a good …

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History & Finds

Danegeld & the Battle of Maldon

Sometimes a war is won not with the sword but with the purse. In 991 the English ealdorman Byrhtnoth faced a Viking army at Maldon – and lost …

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History & Finds

Donar’s Oak at Geismar

In 723 an Anglo-Saxon missionary stood axe in hand before the holiest tree of the Hessians – the oak sacred to the thunder-god Donar near Geismar. He …

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History & Finds

Dorestad & Rorik – Trade on the Lower Rhine

Vikings were not only raiders. In the Rhine-Meuse delta they sat in the very middle of the greatest trading centre of the Frankish realm – and one of …

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History & Finds

The Frienstedt Cemetery

Some 1,700 years ago a man from the Near East settled in a Germanic village in present-day Thuringia – and rose into its elite. His grave and the …

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History & Finds

The Golden Horns of Gallehus – Gold, Runes and a Theft

Two horns of heavy gold, covered all over with puzzling figures, and on one of them a line of runes in which, for the first time in the North, a …

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History & Finds

Women among Germanic Peoples & Vikings

The Roman Tacitus praised Germanic women as chaste, honoured and even brave at the edge of battle. But above all he was holding up a mirror to his …

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History & Finds

Gorm the Old – the first king of Denmark

Somewhere a story must begin. For the kingdom of Denmark this beginning is a man named Gorm – Gorm the Old, the first king whose line can be traced …

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History & Finds

The Great Army – Winter Camps in England

In 865 an army landed in England that did not want to raid and sail home, but to stay: the „Great Heathen Army". Two excavations make its winter …

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History & Finds

Gudme – the „Home of the Gods"

The name says it all: Gudme means „home of the gods". On the Danish island of Funen lay one of the richest cult and power centres of the Iron Age – a …

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History & Finds

Guldgubber – the North's tiny gold gods

They are so small and so thin that you can barely hold one without creasing it: the guldgubber, “gold men,” tiny figures pressed from stamped gold …

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History & Finds

The Gundestrup Cauldron – silver images of gods from the bog

In 1891 peat-cutters in a bog near Gundestrup in Jutland struck something metallic: a dismantled cauldron of pure silver, covered all over with gods …

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History & Finds

Hedeby – the Gateway Between the Seas

Here silver from Baghdad, furs from the North and glass from the Rhineland came together. Hedeby was the pulsing trading heart of the North.

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History & Finds

The Harii – the „Ghost Army“

Long before the Vikings, a Roman writer describes a Germanic tribe that defeats its enemies not by number or strength, but by sheer terror: the …

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History & Finds

Ibn Fadlan: an Arab among the Vikings

The most famous eyewitness account of the Vikings comes not from the North, but from Baghdad. In 921 the Caliph sent the scholar Ahmad ibn Fadlan to …

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History & Finds

The Jelling Stones – Denmark’s Birth Certificate

Carved in stone over 1,000 years ago, a king proclaims the unification and baptism of Denmark – the same king whose name is in every smartphone today.

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History & Finds

The Celts – the Forgotten People on Our Doorstep

Long before the Vikings they settled between the Eifel and the Danube, leaving behind gold hoards and princely graves – and yet we hardly know their …

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History & Finds

Dragon Ships – Masterpieces in Oak

Without their ships the Vikings would never have become Vikings. The longship was the high technology of its time – fast, seaworthy and yet light …

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History & Finds

The Silver Figurine from Lejre – Odin on his high seat?

It is not two centimetres tall and weighs nine grams – and yet it set off one of the most exciting debates in Norse archaeology. A tiny silver figure …

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History & Finds

Miklagard and the Varangian Guard – Vikings in the Service of Byzantium

To a farmer from Uppland, „the great city" was as unimaginable as another planet. Constantinople had walls that fire could not take, domes of gold …

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History & Finds

The Sacrificed Army in the Bog

Whoever won did not always keep the spoils. In the Roman Iron Age, Germanic victors sank the entire equipment of defeated armies in lakes and bogs …

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History & Finds

The Sacrificial Bog of Oberdorla

While Uppsala is famous above all from a text, Thuringia holds the best-excavated Germanic sanctuary in the ground: the sacrificial bog of Oberdorla …

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History & Finds

The Ring Sanctuary of Pömmelte

Long before there were Germanic peoples – some 4,300 years ago – people in today’s Saxony-Anhalt raised a vast ring of earth and wood: the ring …

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History & Finds

Rastarkalv & Fitjar – the Battles of Hákon the Good

King Hákon the Good, a son of Harald Fairhair, fought all his life against the sons of his brother Eric Bloodaxe. Two battles became legendary – one …

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History & Finds

Ribe – the oldest town and the North's first coins

Long before there were Vikings in the sense of the sagas, there was already a town in south-west Jutland: Ribe, founded around 700, the oldest town …

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History & Finds

The Shield Wall – Discipline over Wildness

The Viking battle was no wild scramble but a hard struggle shield to shield. A look at tactics and weapons beyond the clichés.

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History & Finds

The Grove of the Semnones – the Wood One Entered Only in Chains

Long before the Viking Age and before the Icelandic Edda there was Germanic cult – and one of the most striking stood almost on our doorstep, in the …

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History & Finds

The Great Silver Hoards of the Vikings

Silver was the lifeblood of Viking trade – weighed, chopped up, buried. Three of the greatest hoards show how far the networks reached: from Gotland …

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History & Finds

The Trundholm Sun Chariot

A horse, a golden disc, six little spoked wheels: the Trundholm Sun Chariot is one of the most beautiful images the Bronze Age has left us. It shows …

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History & Finds

Stamford Bridge 1066 – the Day the Viking Age Ended

One late-summer day in 1066, a Norwegian army marched through northern England certain of victory – and a few hours later it had all but ceased to …

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History & Finds

Stiklestad – the fall of Saint Olav

Some lose a battle and thereby win everything. On 29 July 1030 the Norwegian king Olav Haraldsson fell at Stiklestad, fighting against a peasant …

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History & Finds

Sutton Hoo – the Grave of a King

A whole royal ship, buried beneath a mound, full of gold and weapons – and a helmet that became the face of an entire age.

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History & Finds

Sweyn Forkbeard – the Viking king who conquered England

Some Vikings raided, others had Danegeld paid to them – Sweyn Forkbeard did both and then reached for the crown itself. In 1013 the Danish king …

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History & Finds

The Thing – Where Law Was Spoken

The Vikings had no central state power. Law and politics arose at the assembly of free people – the Thing.

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History & Finds

Thor's Hammer Mjölnir – From Axe to Hammer

A handle that turned out too short, a fly at the bellows and over a thousand silver amulets in the earth: Thor's hammer is the best-known symbol of …

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History & Finds

Thyra Danebod – Denmark's mightiest woman, carved in stone

A king raises a stone for his wife and calls her on it “Denmark's adornment.” A son sets both parents an even greater monument. And a thousand years …

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History & Finds

Tissø – the Lake of the God Týr

A lake named after a god. A lord’s hall the size of a church. Weapons sunk in the water, and a gold ring heavier than any other: Tissø on Zealand was …

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History & Finds

Tissø – the royal seat by the god's lake

Its name means “the god's lake.” On the shore of Tissø on the Danish island of Zealand lay, for centuries, one of the largest and richest seats of …

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History & Finds

The Torslunda Plates – Odin and the Wolf-Warriors

Sometimes a whole world of gods sits on a thumb-sized piece of bronze. The four Torslunda dies from the island of Öland are such a case – stamping …

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History & Finds

Trelleborg – Harald's geometric ring fortresses

From above they look as if drawn with a compass: perfectly circular ramparts, divided into exact quarters, with four gates towards the points of the …

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History & Finds

Uppåkra – Scandinavia's great cult place

On a field south of Lund, where today only a small church stands, lay for almost a thousand years one of the largest and richest centres of the …

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History & Finds

Gamla Uppsala – Temple & Royal Mounds

No place stands more for the pagan cult of the North than Gamla Uppsala: the golden temple, the great sacrifice every nine years, the mighty royal …

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History & Finds

The Vindelev Gold Hoard – the oldest mention of Odin

In December 2020 a metal detector beeped in a field near Vindelev, only a few kilometres from Jelling. What came to light was a gold treasure of …

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History & Finds

Indigenous DNA in Iceland – a Trace to Vinland?

A rare genetic trace in Iceland tells a story that sounds almost unbelievable: some Icelanders carry a maternal DNA line closely related to the …

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History & Finds

Vinland – America Before Columbus

About five centuries before Columbus, Norsemen set foot on American soil. For a long time this was thought a legend – until the spade proved it.

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History & Finds

881 – when the Vikings stood before Aachen

Vikings and Aachen? Sounds like two worlds with nothing to do with one another. Yet in the winter of 881/882 the Northmen really did stand before …

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History & Finds

Winter camps on the Rhine – Asselt, Nijmegen, Leuven

The Vikings came, raided – and stayed. Over the winter, at least. Instead of sailing home after every raid, they settled into fortified camps on the …

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History & Finds

The Battle of Zülpich (496)

Many call the Varus battle the „big bang of Germany". Yet another battle shaped our lands far more deeply – one in which Germanic fought Germanic: at …

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